"International Journal of Geography, Geology and Environment"

This comprehensive review delves into the intricate structure and functionality of ecosystems, emphasizing the dynamic interactions between biotic and abiotic components. The study outlines the objectives of exploring key ecological processes, such as energy flow and nutrient cycling, and understanding how internal and external factors govern ecosystem behavior. External factors like climate, parent material, and topography shape the ecosystem’s structure, whereas internal processes such as decomposition, species interaction, and succession regulate resource availability and stability. The review methodically examines primary production and decomposition as critical mechanisms driving ecosystem functionality. Primary production through photosynthesis introduces energy into ecosystems, forming the base of ecological pyramids, while decomposition recycles nutrients essential for plant and microbial productivity.

The study utilizes a literature-based review method, synthesizing insights from leading ecological texts and historical frameworks. Notably, the term "ecosystem" as conceptualized by Arthur Tansley is explored, alongside the evolution of ecological research from theoretical to experimental approaches. The results highlight the classification of ecosystems and biomes, illustrating the diversity and complexity of ecological systems. Furthermore, the paper addresses pressing anthropogenic challenges such as pollution, biodiversity loss, and climate change, which threaten ecosystem resilience and biocapacity.

In conclusion, this review underscores the necessity of integrated ecosystem management to sustain ecological goods and services. Emphasizing long-term sustainability, it advocates for conservation approaches that align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It calls for robust strategies that incorporate both ecological and socio-economic dimensions to mitigate human impact and foster ecological restoration.