Chromium is one of the most versatile and widely used elements. It exists in three common oxidation states, Cr(II), Cr(III) and Cr(VI). In the environment, Cr(II) is most unstable, while both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are the stable oxidation states. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is considered the most toxic form, as it readily passes through cellular membranes and frequently reduced to its trivalent form [Cr(III)]. Inside the cytosol, Cr(III) chromium easily incorporates with several biomacromolecules, including genetic material, resulting in toxic and mutagenic complications. Beside these alterations, Cr(VI) chromium is reported to be a potential carcinogen and teratogen.
Currently, chromium and its compounds are used extensively in various industries such as tanneries, textiles, dyeing, electroplating, printing, photographic and medical industries. Its particles enter the environment through effluents generated as waste. Toxicity caused by chromium contamination is a serious issue in Kanpur, primarily due to improper disposal of metal-contaminated waste water, sludge and ash from tanneries, which contaminates water sources and soil, impacting the health of nearby communities. Depending on the quantity, duration and route of exposure, it causes moderate to severe illnesses including gastrointestinal problems, neurological alterations, behavioral changes, skin diseases and respiratory ailments. In this article, the hazardous effects of industrial effluents on residents of badly affected areas of Kanpur and adjacent districts in Uttar Pradesh have been discussed.
International Journal of Geography, Geology and Environment
